Unit 16: Support and movements

What is Support and Movements?

Support and Movements is an essential chapter in Biology that examines how organisms maintain structural integrity and facilitate movement. This unit focuses on the mechanisms and systems involved in providing support to the body and enabling locomotion. Students will explore the skeletal system, including its structure and function, as well as the role of muscles and joints in facilitating movement. The chapter also covers the various types of skeletons found in different organisms, the principles of muscle contraction, and the interactions between bones and muscles.

Key Topics in Support and Movements:

• Skeletal System: Understanding the structure and function of bones, cartilage, and joints.
• Types of Skeletons: Exploring exoskeletons, endoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons in various organisms.
• Muscle Structure and Function: Learning about muscle types, including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, and how they contribute to movement.
• Muscle Contraction Mechanisms: Investigating how muscles contract and generate movement through the sliding filament theory.
• Joint Movements: Examining different types of joints and their roles in facilitating various movements.
• Support Systems: Understanding how organisms maintain structural support and balance.

Benefits of Studying Support and Movements:

• Understanding Anatomy: Provides insights into the anatomical structures that support and enable movement in different organisms.
• Insight into Functionality: Enhances knowledge of how muscle and skeletal systems work together to produce movement.
• Foundation for Medical Studies: Establishes a critical basis for further studies in anatomy, physiology, and related medical fields.

This chapter is crucial for understanding the mechanisms behind support and movement in organisms, offering foundational knowledge necessary for advanced studies in biology, medicine, and related sciences. Mastery of these concepts is essential for exploring how living systems maintain their structure and perform complex movements.

1. which of these is a direct source of energy for muscle contraction?

a. ATP
b. creatine phosphate
c. lactic acid
d. both a and b

2. When muscle contracts

a. sacromere increases in size
b. myosin slide past actin
c. lactic acid is produced
d. both a and b

3. Which of the following changes occur when skeletal muscle contract

a. A band shorten
b. I band shorten
c. Z-line slide farther apart
d. actin filament contract

4. Thin filament in myofibrils consist of

a. actin, tropomyosin, troponin
b. Z-line
c. myosin
d. sarcomere

1. The contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of

a. acetyl choline
b. calcium ion
c. chloride ion
d. iron

6. In the mammalian skeleton there is a distinct synovial joint between the

a. bones of the cranium
b. humerus and ulna
c. sacrum of ilium
d. sternum and floating ribs

7. Which of the following is a bone of axial skeleton

a. rib
b. shoulder girdle
c. pelvis
d. femur

8. Vertebral column includes

a. sacrum
b. coccyx
c. cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
d. all

9. In mammal the number of cervical vertebrae are

a. no definite no
b. seven
c. eleven
d. varies with the size of neck

10. Brain is protected by

a. cranium
b. skull
c. orbits
d. all

11. Which of following is plantigrade

a. rabbit
b. monkey
c. horse
d. carnivore

12. Brachioradialis causes the uplift of

a. radius
b. ulna
c. both
d. humerus

13. Molting occurs in arthropods at the

a. immature stage
b. mature stage
c. both stages
d. do not undergo molting

14. Muscle fatigue is caused by

a. CO2
b. accumulation of lactic acid
c. fumaric acid
d. ethyl alcohol

15. Cardiac muscles are

a. voluntary
b. involuntary
c. both
d. none